How To Operate Casio Cash Register

Programmable calculators are calculators that tin automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored programme. Virtually are Turing complete, and, as such, are theoretically general-purpose computers. Even so, their user interfaces and programming environments are specifically tailored to make performing pocket-size-calibration numerical computations user-friendly, rather than general-purpose use.

The get-go programmable calculators such as the IBM CPC used punched cards or other media for plan storage. Hand-held electronic calculators store programs on magnetic strips, removable read-only memory cartridges, wink retentiveness, or in bombardment-backed read/write retentiveness.

Since the early 1990s, most of these flexible handheld units belong to the class of graphing calculators. Before the mass-manufacture of cheap dot-matrix LCDs, yet, programmable calculators usually featured a one-line numeric or alphanumeric display. The Big 4 manufacturers of programmable calculators are Casio, Hewlett-Packard, Sharp, and Texas Instruments. All of the higher up have also made pocket computers in the past, specially Casio and Sharp.

Many calculators of this type are monochrome LCD, some are 4-color (carmine or orangish, green, blue, and black), or, in the case of some machines at the top of the line as of January 2022 colour similar to monitors displaying sixteen or 32-bit graphics. Equally they are used for graphing functions, the screens of these machines are pixel-addressable. Some have a touch on screen, buzzers or other sound producers, internal clocks, modems or other connectivity devices including IrDA transceivers, several types of ports for peripherals similar printers, and ports for memory cards of a number of types.

The wide availability and depression cost of personal computers including laptop computers, smartphones and tablets gradually made programmable calculators obsolete for most applications. However, they remain popular in secondary education. Specific figurer models are often required for employ in many mathematics courses. Their connected use in education is usually justified past the strictly controllable functionality available. For instance, the calculators do non typically have direct Internet access and and then cannot be used for illegal assistance in exams. The remaining programmable figurer manufacturers devote much effort to encourage the connected use of these calculators in high schoolhouse mathematics. ^[1]

Earlier devices [edit]

Calculator programming [edit]

Programmable calculators allow the user to write and store programs in the estimator in order to solve difficult problems or automate an elaborate procedure.

Programming capability appears near commonly (although not exclusively) in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source lawmaking to be viewed simultaneously (i.e., without having to whorl to the next/previous display line). Originally, calculator programming had to exist washed in the reckoner's ain command language, but every bit calculator hackers discovered ways to bypass the main interface of the calculators and write assembly linguistic communication programs, figurer companies (particularly Texas Instruments) began to support native-style programming on their calculator hardware, get-go revealing the hooks used to enable such code to operate, and later on explicitly edifice in facilities to handle such programs directly from the user interface.

Many programs written for calculators can be found on the cyberspace. Users tin download the programs to a personal computer, and so upload them to the calculator using a specialized link cable, infrared wireless link, or through a retentivity card. Sometimes these programs can too be run through emulators on the PC.

Programming these machines can exist done on the machine, on the PC side and uploaded as source code, or compiled on the PC side and uploaded as with Wink and some C/C++ implementations. In addition to computer-side linguistic communication packages such every bit tigcc, hpgcc, and others, the PC link software available for TI, HP, Casio, and Sharp calculators incorporate programme editors; there are too SDKs, emulators, and other tools for use on the calculator side, and other manufacturer and 3rd-party tools like the TI++ editor.^[ii] Programs, data, then forth can also exist exchanged among like machines via the same ports on the calculator used for PC connectivity. On-lath programming tools which use not-native linguistic communication implementations include the On-Board C Compiler for fx serial Casio calculators and the TI-83 BBC Bones port.

I possibility arising from the above is writing interpreters, compilers, and translator programs for additional languages for programming the machines; BBC Basic has already been ported to the TI-83 and -84 series and other onboard languages and programming tools discussed by many include Fortran, awk, Pascal, Rexx, Perl, Mutual Lisp, Python, tcl, and various Unix shells.

Usually available programs for calculators include everything from math/science related trouble solvers to video games, equally well equally so-chosen demos. Much of this code is user-created freeware or even open source, though commercial software, particularly for educational and science/engineering markets, is too available. Programmable calculators have major websites with information, documentation, bulletin boards, tools for download, and other things useful for this pursuit; the main sites for each manufacturer'southward calculators are run past third parties with varying degrees of collaboration from the companies themselves: namely HPCalc.org, TICalc.org, and CasioCalc.org, (qqv.) with the SharpCalc.org domain being recently purchased by an system which indicated intent to produce a site similar to the other three, plus data on Sharp pocket computers. The companies themselves likewise have sites such as TIEducation.com with data and tools for the machines.^[three]

A TI-59 with a magnetic storage card existence inserted into the bill of fare reader on the side.
HP-41CX with magnetic card reader and thermal printer
A complete range of programmable calculators were developed in former USSR. Some of them (like this MK-52), was used even in space missions.
An older model FX-602P in working status
HP 50g graphing estimator, with the Equation Editor being used

Programming languages [edit]

Keystroke programming [edit]

In the early on days, near programmable calculators used a very simplified programming language, often based either on recording actual keystrokes or bytecode if the keystrokes were merged. Calculators supporting such programming were Turing-complete if they supported both conditional statements and indirect addressing of memory. Notable examples of Turing complete calculators were Casio FX-602P series, the HP-41 and the TI-59. Keystroke programming is still used in mid-range calculators like the HP 35s and HP-12C.

BASIC [edit]

BASIC is a widespread programming language ordinarily adapted to desktop computers and pocket computers. The most common languages now used in high range calculators are proprietary BASIC-style dialects as used by Casio (Casio Bones or BasicLike) and TI (TI-Basic). These Bones dialects are optimised for estimator use, combining the advantages of Basic and keystroke programming. They have little in common with mainstream Bones.^[iv] ^[5] ^[6] The version for the Ti-89 and subsequent is more fully featured, including the full gear up of cord and character manipulation functions and statements in standard Bones.

A complete port of BBC Basic to the TI-83 subfamily of calculators is now available. It is installed via a cable or IrDA connection with a computer.

RPL [edit]

RPL is a special Forth-like programming language used by Hewlett- Packard in its loftier range devices. The start device with RPL calculator was the HP-28C released in 1987.^[7]

The language PPL was introduced with the HP Prime reckoner and is much like Pascal

Associates [edit]

An assembler integrated into the TI 89 and related calculators were announced and released in 2014.

Car linguistic communication programming was oft discouraged on early reckoner models; however, defended platform hackers discovered ways to bypass the congenital-in interpreters on some models and programme the estimator directly in assembly language, a technique that was first discovered and utilized on the TI-85 due to a programming flaw in a mode-switching key.^{[ citation needed ]} By the time the TI-83 came out, TI and HP had realized the need to address the support needs of homebrew programmers, and started to make associates linguistic communication libraries and documentation available for prospective developers. Software, specially games, could now exist nearly as fast and as graphical equally their Game Boy counterparts, and TI, in particular, would later formalize assembly programming into support for packaged applications for futurity calculators such as the TI-83 Plus and TI-89; HP includes some onboard back up for assembler programming on the HP-50g, its electric current acme-of-the-line calculator model.

Programs and toolkits to allow on-board assembly-like programming (often Intel 80x86 even if the actual processor in the calculator is something completely different like a Zilog or Motorola flake) are in the beta phase in at least ii implementations—the native Basic variant can be enhanced by user-defined functions and procedures as well as assembly and C modules developed on a calculator and uploaded to the calculator which permit for writing and running "pseudo assembly" programs only as one would the Basic type ones. Other languages similar Rexx, awk, Perl, and some Unix shells tin can also exist implemented in this fashion on many calculators of this type.

Other Languages [edit]

The GCC development suite is available for several models of Casio, HP, and TI calculators, meaning that C, C++, Fortran 77, and inline assembly language can be used to develop a program on the computer side then upload it to the calculator.

Projects in development by tertiary parties include on-board and/or calculator-side converters, interpreters, code generators, macro assemblers, or compilers for Fortran, other Basic variants, awk, C, Cobol, Rexx, Perl, Python, Tcl, Pascal, Delphi, and operating system shells like DOS/Win95 batch, Os/two batch, WinNT/2000 shell, Unix shells, and DCL.

Many TI, Casio, Precipitous, and HP models take Lua interpreters which are part of the default configuration or can exist optionally added.

Some calculators run a subset of Fortran 77 called Mini-Fortran; the compiler is on the computer so connecting to a PC to put programs onto the machine is not needed.

The OnCalc C Compiler for the Casio fx-9860 series is now bachelor. The Sharp PC G850V pocket computer has an onboard C compiler in addition to an assembler and a Basic interpreter.

Persistent memory [edit]

One of import feature of programmable calculators is the availability of some form of persistent memory. Without persistent retentivity, programs have to be re-entered whenever power is lost, making the device cumbersome. Persistent memory can be internal or on a dissever device. Some programmable calculators apply both schemes.

Magnetic card reader / writer [edit]

Magnetic card readers were among the first persistent retentiveness options available.^[8] The entered programs are stored on magnetic strips. Those were easy to transport, and the reader/writer was compact in size. However, the reader/writer as well as the magnetic strips were quite expensive. The last and nigh notable devices to use magnetic strips were the HP-41C and TI-59.

Continuous memory [edit]

Continuous retentivity does non lose its content when the reckoner is switched off. With continuous retention the user can, for example, change batteries without losing the entered programs.^[nine]

Cassette tape [edit]

Compact Cassettes offered a uncomplicated, inexpensive alternative to magnetic cards. Usually, an interface module, such equally the Casio FA-ane, was used to connect the calculator to an ordinary cassette recorder, and digital data were encoded as frequency-shift keyed sound signals.^[10]

Sharp and Hewlett-Packard also sold defended micro- or mini-cassette recorders that connected direct to the calculator. These set up-ups, while being more than practical and reliable, we're too more expensive.

Semi-continuous retentivity [edit]

As memory demands rose, information technology became more difficult to create true continuous memory and developers sought alternatives. With semi-continuous retention content was only preserved if specific bombardment-changing rules were observed. The most mutual rules were:

A special backup bombardment would ensure that the memory was non lost while the main batteries were inverse.
Battery removal and replacement had to be completed in a relatively curt time. For example, with the HP 35s, bombardment replacement had to be completed in less than two minutes after removal.^[eleven]
At to the lowest degree two principal batteries were used and could only exist changed 1 at a fourth dimension.

PC-connexion [edit]

Programs and information are transferred to a personal reckoner for storage. The transfer is washed past the post-obit connectedness methods (chronological order of appearance) RS-232, IrDA and USB. This method has the advantage of existence very cost-efficient and is ordinarily faster than the cassette interface. These advantages are offset by the need for a personal figurer. An early example of a PC connection is the Casio FX-603P in conjunction with the Casio FA-6 interface. In this gear up-up, transfer was done in plain text and then the programme and data could be stored and edited with a standard text editor.

Flash retention [edit]

Programmable calculators and pocket computers [edit]

Throughout the 1980s and the start of the 1990s, programmable calculators stood in competition with pocket computers, with high-end calculators sharing many similarities. For example, both devices types were programmable in unstructured BASIC and with few exceptions featured QWERTY keyboards. Still, there were as well some differences:

Bones-programmable calculators oftentimes featured an additional "calculator-like" keyboard and a special calculator style in which the system behaved like a scientific calculator.
Pocket computers often offered additional programming languages as pick. The Casio Atomic number 82-2000 for example offered ANSI-C, Basic, Assembler and Lisp.^[12]

Companies often had both device types in their product portfolio. Casio, for example, sold some BASIC-programmable calculators as office of their "fx-" calculator series^[13] and pocket computer the dedicated "pb-" serial while Sharp marketed all BASIC-programmable devices as pocket computers.

[edit]

Some programmable calculators have one or more methods of connecting to a PC for the interchange of data, programs, and software. These methods include IrDA, other wireless, serial ports -including USB or RS-232 via.125 inch or other size audio plugs, etc.

Some of the latest programmable calculators incorporate cellular modems equally an boosted channel of connectivity.

The programmable calculators tin in many cases, via these connections, be used with peripherals such equally data loggers and interfaces for instruments similar thermometers, pH meters, weather instruments of all kinds, low-cal meters, audio probes and microphones, dynamometers, pressure gauges, voltmeters, ammeters, ohm meters, atmospheric electricity measurement apparatus, ion counters, Geiger counters and scintillometers, altimeters, scales, accelerometers, and many others. Some machines can be used with oscilloscopes and their peripherals every bit well. Others can be configured—for instance, collecting bio-feedback data by connecting devices for a pulse, claret pressure, oxygen saturation, galvanic skin resistance, body temperature, and even EKG and EEG probes to a data logger which is then continued to the calculator and, then or later, a PC.

The HP programmables and others accept an IrDA interface which allows them to interface with the printers particularly designed for the calculators, HP'south main lines of laser printers, computers, other calculators, and other devices.

Also commonly available from many companies are small printers fabricated specifically for calculators which tend to employ cash annals tape paper, ports and cables for connecting the calculators to a computer and/or some other calculator, cassette recorders for recording programs and information, overhead projector displays, and connectors for auxiliary display devices. The earlier programmable calculators, equally well every bit the pocket computers mentioned above, also had such things every bit video interfaces for televisions and composite monitors, ii½ inch mini floppy disc drives, bar-code readers, and standard RS-232 connectivity which provided for other such things equally modems, external hard drives and more. The printer selection for the pocket computers was a flake wider as well, including thermal, affect, dot matrix, daisy wheel, 4-color pen, printers of the type used in simpler printing calculators. Some calculators and pocket computers had external 3½ and v¼ inch floppy drives, cables for connecting two cassette recorders, cradles containing a printer and/or cassette recorder into which the machine slid, and so on.

Information technology is also possible to connect some machines to certain electric typewriters for utilise every bit a printer (the typewriters are likewise able to be continued to PCs for this purpose, and the interface tends to be a standard RS-232 and/or DIN plug), and in some cases to admission the typewriter's floppy or micro floppy drives.

Listing of selected programmable calculators [edit]

SwissMicros replica of the HP-15C in credit card size

Casio: Casio FX-502P series · Casio FX-602P series · Casio FX-603P · FX-702P · FX-850P · Casio 9850 series · Casio 9860 series · Casio ClassPad 300
Elektronika: B3-21 · B3-34 · MK-61 · MK-52
Hewlett-Packard: HP-19C ·HP-25 · HP-25C ·HP-28C ·HP-28S ·HP-29C ·HP-32S ·HP-32sII ·HP 35s · HP-41C · HP-41CV ·HP-41CX ·HP-42S ·HP-48SX ·HP-48G ·HP-48GX · HP-49 · HP-50 · HP-65· HP-67· HP-97
NumWorks
Precipitous: Sharp PC-1350 · PC-1401 · PC-1403 EL-9600c · EL-9900
SwissMicros: SwissMicros DM11 · SwissMicros DM12 · SwissMicros DM15 · SwissMicros DM16 · SwissMicros DM41 · SwissMicros DM42
Texas Instruments: TI-51-III ·SR-52 ·SR-56 ·TI-57 ·TI-58 C · TI-59 · Galaxy 67 · TI-83 Plus · TI-84 Plus · TI-85 · TI-89 · TI-92 · Voyage 200 · TI-Nspire

References [edit]

^ Kosoff, Maya (25 Nov 2019). "Big Calculator: How Texas Instruments Monopolized Math Class". GEN. Medium. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ http://www.ticalc.org/archives/files/fileinfo/300/30032.html
^ TIEducation.com
^ "Programming Casio FX-7400G+" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-03-23 .
^ "Programming Casio BASIC on the CFX-9850 Serial" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-03-23 .
^ "TI-Basic Developer". Tibasicdev.wikidot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-23 .
^ Description of the HP-28C in The Museum of HP Calculators
^ i.E. HP 9810A introduced 1971
^ Clarification of the HP-15C in the Museum of HP Calculators
^ Description of the FX-502P and FA-1 on Voidware
^ HP-32s Users Manual Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Page 289ff
^ Description of the PB-2000 in Caz Pocket Computers
^ The motion-picture show of the FX-700P and FX-702P prove the text "programmable calculator"